|
In morpheme-based morphology, a null morpheme is a morpheme that is realized by a phonologically null affix (an empty string of phonological segments). In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It is also called a zero morpheme; the process of adding a null morpheme is called ''null affixation'', ''null derivation'' or ''zero derivation''. The concept was first used over two thousand years ago by 4th century Sanskrit grammarian from ancient India, Pāṇini, in his Sanskrit grammar. Some linguists object to the notion of a null morpheme, arguing that it sets up an unverifiable distinction between a "null" or "zero" element, and nothing at all. The null morpheme is represented as either the figure zero (''0'') or the empty set symbol Ø. Examples in English include hiatus and co-operation. The existence of a null morpheme in a word can also be theorized by contrast with other forms of the same word showing alternate morphemes. For example, the singular number of English nouns is shown by a null morpheme that contrasts with the plural morpheme ''-s''. * ''cat'' = ''cat'' + ''-Ø'' = ROOT ("cat") + SINGULAR * ''cats'' = ''cat'' + ''-s'' = ROOT ("cat") + PLURAL In addition, there are some cases in English where a null morpheme indicates plurality in nouns that take on irregular plurals. * ''sheep'' = ''sheep'' + ''-Ø'' = ROOT ("sheep") + SINGULAR * ''sheep'' = ''sheep'' + ''-Ø'' = ROOT ("sheep") + PLURAL Also, a null morpheme marks the present tense of verbs in all forms but the third person singular: * ''(I) run'' = ''run'' + ''-Ø'' = ROOT ("run") + PRESENT: Non-3rd-SINGULAR * ''(He) runs'' = ''run'' + ''-s'' = ROOT ("run") + PRESENT: 3rd-SINGULAR According to some linguists' view, it is also a null morpheme that turns some English adjectives into verbs of the kind of ''to clean, to slow, to warm''. Null derivation, also known as conversion if the word class changes, is very common in analytic languages such as English. In languages that show the above distinctions, it is quite common to employ null affixation to mark singular number, present tense and third persons. It is also frequent to find null affixation for the least-marked cases (the nominative case in nominative–accusative languages, and the absolutive case in ergative–absolutive languages). English is unusual in its marking of the third person singular with a non-zero morpheme, by contrast with a null morpheme for others. Another unusual usage of the null morpheme is the feminine genitive case plural in most Slavic languages, cf. Russian singular nominative ''женщин-а'' (''zheshchin-a''), ''woman'', singular genitive ''женщин-ы'' (''zhenshchin-y''), ''woman's'' and plural genitive ''женщин-Ø'' (''zhenshchin-Ø''), ''women's''. In most languages of the world it is the affixes that are realized as null morphemes. But in some cases roots may also be realized as these. For instance, the Russian word вы-''Ø''-ну-ть (''vynut, 'to take out') consists of one prefix (вы-), one zero root (''-Ø-''), one infix (-ну-), and one suffix (-ть).〔(Russian Language Institute, question 210775 )〕 A basic radical element plus a null morpheme is not the same as an uninflected word, though usage may make those equal in practice. ==See also== *Covert (linguistics) *Ellipsis (linguistics) *Lemma (morphology) *Marker (linguistics) *Null allomorph *Zero (linguistics) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「null morpheme」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|